| Latin is one of the most ancient
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| | language). The dual sources of
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| languages and even now it is widely used
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| | Middle English vocabulary are still
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| almost in various fields such as:
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| | apparent today: word pairs such as
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| medicine, learning, science, technology,
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| | example/exemplary and machine (sh)
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| etc.
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| | machinate (k) show the differences
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| Latin has been influencing English
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| | between words with Norman and Latin
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| throughout its history. Its
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| | roots. This period is the first
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| authority on English was profound as the
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| | time that untranslated Latin words are
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| Roman army and merchants gave
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| | introduced wholesale, in both
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| new names to local objects such as: pise
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| | prose (Trevisa's translation of De
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| 'pea', catte 'cat', cetel
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| | Proprietatibus Rerum) and poetry
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| 'kettle', candel 'candle' and a numerous
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| | (Dunbar et al.). As one Latin-English
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| number of other common words.
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| | translator complained in the
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| The influence of Latin on Old English
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| | early 1400s, 'There is many words in
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| was profound because Latin was
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| | Latin that we have no proper
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| considered the language of a highly
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| | English accordance therto.'2 Almost all
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| developed civilization. For
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| | of these aureate terms passed
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| several hundred years, while the
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| | into general use only after being
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| Germanic Tribe who became the English
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| | reintroduced. Others still current
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| were still occupying their home land,
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| | were from Wycliffe's Bible, and gained
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| they had various relations with
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| | currency through constant use.The Modern
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| the Romans through which they acquired a
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| | PeriodThe Modern Period begins with the
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| considerable number of Latin
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| | advent of Modern English, usually
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| words. Not only did Latin influence the
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| | dated to 1500.3 By the time of Thomas
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| vocabulary of the English
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| | Eliot, the classical languages
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| language, but its syntactic style had an
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| | were entering English mostly as
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| impact on the English of the
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| | compounds, either with English or
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| 16th century. Marcus Tullius Cicero work
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| | previously-assimilated words, or with
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| was particularly imitated, as
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| | other classical roots. An
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| there was a search for an oratorical
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| | incomplete list of widely used classical
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| contrast and balance.Latin's contribution
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| | roots includes -ation, -ana,
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| to modern English has not been more than
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| | -ite, -ism, ex-, co-, -ist, and de-,
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| just
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| | while scientific English uses
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| derivatives. The concept of grammar also
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| | many more specialized ones : mille-,
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| came from the artificial
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| | matri-, menti-, and reticul-,
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| structure of Classical Latin which can
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| | though these often come ultimately from
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| be defined as the Latin used
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| | the Greek.Latin roots are also apparent
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| for poetry, oratory, and by the upper
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| | in commercial names, especially of
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| classes. Early English had no
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| | high-tech companies (Sun Microsystems,
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| grammar, no rules. Latin provided an
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| | from the Greek micro, as in the
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| example of excellent grammatical
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| | Late Latin microcosms), but also in many
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| structure and an oratory contrast that
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| | from the early days of this
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| English eventually adopted.Latin has
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| | century (Bovril, from the Latin bovis)4.
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| probably impacted legal English the most,
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| | Classically derived names
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| as it shares with
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| | seem to give credence to claims to
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| science a concern for precision. The
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| | knowledge and capability5.Assimilation of
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| language used in the legal system
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| | Latin words into EnglishHaving treated
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| is simple, universal and rhetoric. The
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| | when, how, and why Latin words are used
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| word have made the statements
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| | in English, the
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| to be phrased in such a way that we can
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| | next question is "how have these Latin
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| see its applicability yet
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| | words assimilated into
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| specific enough individual
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| | English?" English words like harp,
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| circumstances. The law has to remain
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| | cousin, chime, chesnut, prove, and
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| constant so the language has to be
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| | truck certainly don't advertise their
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| precise enough so cases will be
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| | Latin roots (Late Latin harpa,
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| treated consistently and fairly. This is
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| | Latin consobrinus, Latin cymbalum, Latin
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| the reason why it has adopted
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| | castanea, Latin probus, and
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| such a complex grammatical
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| | the Latin trochaicus, respectively)11.
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| structure.Words from Latin roots have
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| | Yet, linguists and etymologists
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| also entered Modern English through the
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| | can somehow trace the history and forms
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| modern Romance languages, especially
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| | of English words, and
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| French and Italian.
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| | recognize patterns in the changes they
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| English-speakers assimilate a variety of
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| | undergo.Other patterns have been
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| foreign words. They dropped
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| | recognized that not only reveal an
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| endings without much thought. As a
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| | English
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| result, we now retain foreign
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| | word's source, but can also help date
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| characters like the French c, and the
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| | its adoption. The two most
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| German B.The English language has drawn
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| | important of these were palatal
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| from Latin mainly in its vocabulary,
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| | diphthongization, in which some vowels
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| but also in its grammar. These loans are
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| | preceded by palatal consonants were
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| grouped, by time and
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| | changed to diphthongs, and the
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| substance, into four periods -- the
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| | i-umlaut (or i-mutation), in which the
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| Zero, First, Second, Third, and
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| | value of some accented vowels
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| Modern. Each of these has distinctive
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| | was changed. The other prominent area of
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| characteristics, both of the
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| | change in adopted words was
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| Latin words adopted and the process of
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| | in their accenting, which sometimes led
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| assimilation undergone. Latin
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| | to more vowel mutations. These
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| words have also been adopted to English
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| | changes all took place in English, so
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| through Modern French and
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| | their presence can tell us only
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| Modern Italian (grouped under the Modern
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| | by when a word must have been adopted;
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| Period) and Norman French
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| | other changes can tell us
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| (the Third Period).The Zero PeriodIt
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| | before what time a word must have been
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| includes all English words whose
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| | used in English. The most
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| etymology traces back
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| | important of these was in the Latin
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| to Germanic tribes in contact with
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| | itself, and is the change that
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| Romans on the continent. These are
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| | took place when a word was simplified by
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| all short words, easily adaptable to the
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| | speakers of Vulgar Latin13.
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| inflections of early Germanic
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| | Others were changes in the forms adopted
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| languages. The tribes' dealings with the
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| | by other Germanic languages,
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| Romans were centered in
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| | but these are often only speculation.The
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| military matters, cooking, trade, and
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| | other major change words underwent after
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| commerce, especially with wine
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| | adoption was
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| merchants. Words current in Modern
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| | simplification, either dropping a case
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| English with recognizable forms
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| | ending (Latin cornu -- English
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| include camp (L campus), kettle (OE
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| | horn14) or dropping syllables. Syllables
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| cytel, L catillus, catinus), cheap
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| | were especially likely to be
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| (OE ceap), and wine (OE win, L
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| | lost from words of the Zero Period
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| vinum).The First PeriodThis period
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| | (learned by continental Germanic
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| includes words borrowed during Julius
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| | tribes), who found it hard to decline
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| Caesar's English
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| | even shortened words from Vulgar
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| adventures (55 BC) and the Roman
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| | Latin in their heavily-inflected Old
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| Conquest (43-449 AD), but almost none
| |
| | High and Low Germans.Latin's Impact on
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| of these1 survived the Teutonic and
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| | English GrammarLatin's contribution to
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| Norman invasions. In fact, most
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| | modern English has not been based solely
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| Celtic words in Modern English either
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| | on
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| were borrowed recently (slogan,
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| | derivatives. The very ideas of grammar
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| shillelagh) or continued as place names
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| | also came from the artificial
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| (Kent, Devon, Cumberland). The
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| | structure of Classical Latin (the Latin
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| most interesting Latin-Celtic-Old
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| | used for poetry, oratory, and
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| English path is that of -chester,
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| | by the upper classes). Early English was
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| with its variants -cester and -caster,
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| | in no way an artificial or
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| as found in Manchester,
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| | learned language, and had no grammar, no
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| Gloucester, and Lancaster. In Celtic, it
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| | rules, nothing but
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| is ceaster, from the Latin
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| | conflicting precedent15 in everything:
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| castra (encampment).The Second
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| | spelling, word order,
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| PeriodThis period, dating from
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| | declension, and conjugation.In this
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| Augustine's mission of 597, is divided
| |
| | structural vacuum, those who wanted order
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| into two main sub-periods, the Early and
| |
| | were forced to
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| the Benedictine. The Early
| |
| | create it, which they did by imposing
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| Second Period includes words taken by
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| | classical grammar on the
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| the English to describe their
| |
| | language16. These early grammarians are
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| new religion (mass, pope; from the Old
| |
| | the source of the stigma on
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| English maesse, papa; and the
| |
| | ending a phrase with a preposition, of
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| Latin missa, papa), but also household
| |
| | the choice we have today
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| words (cap, plant; from the Old
| |
| | between who/which (identified with the
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| English caeppa, plante; and the Latin
| |
| | Latin qui) and that as a
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| cappa, planta) and those
| |
| | relative pronoun17, and with the
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| relating to education (Latin and school;
| |
| | absolute participle, whose first use
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| from the Old English scol;
| |
| | in English was direct translation from
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| and the Latin Latinus, schola). The
| |
| | the Latin. While the last is a
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| amount and miscellany of the
| |
| | benefit, the first two lead to
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| borrowings show the extent of
| |
| | unnaturally worded phrases, and have no
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| Christianity's immediate impact on
| |
| | justification other than classical
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| seventh-century Britain. In this part of
| |
| | grammar.Latin's Overall ImpactLatin is so
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| the Second Period, direct
| |
| | large a part of English that, even if we
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| translation of Latin terms is
| |
| | wanted to, we
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| characteristic. Thus, the Late Latin
| |
| | could not purge ourselves of even one
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| trinitas (three) is the Old English
| |
| | tenth of our words derived from
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| prines (literally, three-ness),
| |
| | it. Even our grammar, which has been
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| and the Late Latin resurrectio
| |
| | influenced less than our
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| (resurrection) is the Old English
| |
| | vocabulary, would be amazingly different
|
| aerist, from arisan (to arise).The Third
| |
| | without its Latin base. But,
|
| PeriodThe Third Period begins in 1066
| |
| | is all that we have received from Latin
|
| with William the Conqueror. With the
| |
| | useful?Our grammar has been turned on its
|
| Norman invasion came their language,
| |
| | head by classical scholars, and our
|
| Norman French, which was related
| |
| | vocabulary does not need the amount of
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| more closely to Latin than was English.
| |
| | words that it has. If one idea
|
| Because of this closeness,
| |
| | has just one word derived from each
|
| words adopted from French (usually of a
| |
| | language contributing the most to
|
| more colliquial character) are
| |
| | Modern English (Greek, Latin, Saxon
|
| considered along with those drawn from
| |
| | (Germanic), and Norman French), we
|
| Latin itself (often more
| |
| | would still have useless synonyms.
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| learned, and first found in written
| |
| |
|
